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Hire developers with a working knowledge of HTML/CSS, XHTML, HTML5 and XML who can solve design problems and develop mobile apps or web applications. Find HTML / XHTML WFH freelancers on January 21, 2025 who work remotely. Read less

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What to Know

Why are HTML and XHTML so important to web programming?

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language), are fundamental for web development. Here is why:

HTML Is A Universal Language:

Markup Language: HTML is a markup language used for structuring and formatting content for the World Wide Web.

Elements and Tags: HTML uses tags to define elements which represent different parts of a web page, like headings, paragraphs, links, images, etc.

Living Standard: HTML is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) and is considered a "living standard", constantly evolving.

Semantic Elements: HTML5 introduced semantic elements like header, footer, nav, article, making the structure of web pages clearer.

Flexible: HTML is very forgiving; browsers will often render pages even with malformed HTML.

Case Insensitive: HTML tag names and attribute names are case-insensitive, though lowercase is recommended for consistency.

Inline Styles: HTML allows inline CSS with the style attribute, but this is generally discouraged for maintainability.

Forms: HTML includes a variety of form elements for user input like input, textarea, select, etc.

Accessibility: HTML provides attributes like alt for images and aria-* labels to enhance web accessibility.

Multimedia Support: With HTML5, there's native support for embedding video (video) and audio (audio) without needing plugins.

Main Uses of HTML:

Progressive Enhancement: HTML supports the concept of progressive enhancement, where basic functionality is available to all browsers, with enhancements for those that support them.

Microdata: HTML5 includes microdata for adding semantic markup to web pages, helping search engines understand content better.

Custom Data Attributes: HTML allows custom data-* attributes for embedding custom data in elements, useful for JavaScript interactions.

Web Components: HTML can be used with web components to create reusable custom elements, encapsulating functionality and styling.

Canvas: The canvas element allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes and bitmap images.

Web Storage: HTML5 introduced localStorage and sessionStorage for client-side storage, enhancing web app capabilities.

SEO: Proper use of HTML structure and meta tags significantly affects Search Engine Optimization (SEO).

Content Security Policy: Through HTTP headers or the meta tag, HTML can implement Content Security Policy to prevent XSS attacks.

APIs: HTML5 brought a suite of APIs like Geolocation, Drag and Drop, Web Workers, enhancing web application development.

Resilient Parsing: HTML has a robust error recovery mechanism, ensuring pages are displayed even if the markup isn't perfect.

XHTML key principles:

Basic Facts:
Stricter than HTML: XHTML is a reformulation of HTML 4 in XML, enforcing stricter rules like well-formedness.

Case Sensitivity: Unlike HTML, XHTML is case-sensitive; tags and attributes must be lowercase.

XML Syntax: XHTML documents must be well-formed, meaning all elements must be properly nested and closed.

Self-Closing Tags: Empty elements in XHTML must be closed with a forward slash like br /.

DOCTYPE Declaration: XHTML requires a proper DOCTYPE declaration at the start of the document to specify the version of XHTML being used.

MIME Type: XHTML documents served with an XML MIME type (like application/xhtml+xml) must be strictly valid XML.

Namespaces: XHTML uses XML namespaces, which can be important when combining XHTML with other XML-based languages.

How XHTML Gets Used In Live Sites:

Modularization: XHTML was designed with modularity in mind, allowing for subsets or custom document types.

Better Integration: XHTML's XML basis allows for better integration with other XML technologies like SVG or MathML within web pages.

Client-Side Processing: XHTML can be processed by XML tools for transformations or validation, offering more control over document processing.

Forward Compatibility: XHTML was aimed at providing a path for future web standards evolution, although its adoption has been less widespread than anticipated.

XHTML 2.0: An ambitious project to evolve XHTML, which included major changes but was eventually abandoned in favor of HTML5.

Validation: XHTML documents are expected to validate against the DTD or schema associated with their declared DOCTYPE.

Error Handling: Unlike HTML, browsers can't make guesses about malformed XHTML; errors can lead to the document not being displayed at all.

Scripting and Styling: While XHTML supports scripting and styling like HTML, the stricter syntax means scripts and styles must be within CDATA sections or external files when served as XML.

Legacy Browser Support: XHTML served with an HTML MIME type (text/html) allows for better compatibility with older browsers, though it loses some strictness benefits.

Forms: XHTML forms functionality is similar to HTML, but the syntax must be XML-compliant.

Accessibility: XHTML's strict rules can help with creating more accessible web pages, assuming all elements are used correctly.

SEO: Like HTML, proper use of XHTML can contribute to SEO, but ensuring all elements are closed and valid can prevent parsing errors by search engines.

Use in Web Services: XHTML's XML nature makes it suitable for use in web services or web APIs where XML data interchange is required.

These facts underline both the foundational aspects and the nuanced capabilities of HTML and XHTML, catering to developers at different levels of expertise.

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