Graphic designers utilize typography, grid systems, and color theory as fundamental aspects of their craft. Here's a detailed look at each area:
Typography:
Technical Skills:
Typeface Selection:
Explanation: Understanding the difference between serif, sans-serif, script, and display fonts, and how to choose them based on readability, brand identity, or emotional impact.
Technical Detail: Designers use tools like Adobe Fonts or Google Fonts, which provide access to a vast library of typefaces. They consider factors like x-height, stroke weight, and character width for legibility at different sizes.
Type Hierarchy:
Explanation: Establishing a clear hierarchy through size, weight, color, and spacing to guide the reader's eye through the content.
Technical Detail: In software like Adobe InDesign or Illustrator, designers use paragraph and character styles to maintain consistency and easily adjust hierarchy. They might use ems or points for font sizes, with specific ratios or scales like the Modular Scale for harmonious sizing.
Kerning, Tracking, and Leading:
Explanation: Adjusting the space between characters (kerning), between all characters in a block of text (tracking), and between lines (leading) to enhance readability and aesthetics.
Technical Detail: In design software, these adjustments are made with precision; kerning can be done manually for critical text like logos or titles. Leading is often set in percentages or points relative to the font size.
Font Pairing:
Explanation: Combining fonts that work well together for contrast or harmony.
Technical Detail: Tools like Fontjoy or Typewolf provide suggestions for font pairing. Designers might use principles like contrast in weight or style (e.g., pairing a bold sans-serif with a light serif).
Software:
Adobe InDesign, Illustrator: For precise control over typography settings in print and digital design.
Sketch, Figma: For web and UI design, where typography plays a crucial role in user experience.
Grid System:
Technical Skills:
Grid Creation:
Explanation: Designing a grid that structures content, ensuring alignment and balance.
Technical Detail: Grids can be column-based, modular, or hierarchical. In software, grids are set up using guides or grid systems (
960.gs for web design), specifying columns, gutters, and margins.
Responsive Grids:
Explanation: Adapting grid layouts for different screen sizes in responsive design.
Technical Detail: Using CSS Grid or Flexbox in web design; in design tools, this means setting up multiple grid variations or using software features that automatically adjust elements based on screen size.
Baseline Grids:
Explanation: Aligning text and other elements to a vertical grid for consistent vertical rhythm.
Technical Detail: In InDesign, designers can set a baseline grid and snap text to it. For web, CSS properties like line-height are adjusted to match the baseline.
Software:
Adobe InDesign: Preferred for print with advanced grid features.
Adobe XD, Sketch, Figma: Used for UI/UX design with built-in responsive grid systems.
Color Theory:
Technical Skills:
Color Harmony:
Explanation: Creating harmonious color palettes using principles like complementary, analogous, or triadic schemes.
Technical Detail: Tools like Adobe Color or
Coolors.co help generate palettes based on these theories. Designers consider hue, saturation, and value to create balance.
Psychology of Color:
Explanation: Understanding how colors convey emotions or messages to influence design decisions.
Technical Detail: Designers might reference color psychology studies or use color in branding to evoke specific feelings or actions.
Color Accessibility:
Explanation: Ensuring color choices are accessible, particularly for those with color vision deficiencies.
Technical Detail: Use of tools like Contrast Checker by WebAIM or the A11y Color Palette for ensuring contrast ratios meet WCAG guidelines.
Color in Different Media:
Explanation: Adjusting colors for different outputs like print (CMYK) versus screen (RGB).
Technical Detail: Understanding color profiles, using software like Adobe Photoshop for color management, and employing soft proofing to preview how colors will look in different mediums.
Software:
Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator: For color editing, managing color profiles, and creating color themes.
Figma, Sketch: For digital design where color palettes can be saved and shared across projects.
Integration:
Typography, Grid, and Color: These elements interact. A designer might choose a typeface that fits within the grid system while selecting colors that enhance legibility and mood. This integration requires a holistic understanding of design principles to ensure coherence and effectiveness in the final design.
By mastering these technical aspects, graphic designers can create work that's not only visually appealing but also functional, accessible, and aligned with brand or project goals.
Recommended Design Courses
Rhode Island School of Design -
https://www.risd.edu/
Maryland Institute College of Art - MICA:
https://www.mica.edu/
BFA program at Otis College of Art -
https://www.otis.edu/programs/undergraduate/bfa-fine-arts/index.html
Pratt Institute -
https://www.pratt.edu/
School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) -
https://www.saic.edu/